Increased hate speech on X and its impact

An EU research brief on hate speech notes that after Elon Musk’s takeover of X, studies up to early 2025 found a marked rise in hate‑speech posts and in “likes” on such content, indicating normalisation and greater engagement with racist and other hateful material.​
Policymakers and watchdogs warn that this online shift has coincided with more offline harassment against minorities and activists, with abusive comments and pile‑ons often serving as precursors to threats and attacks.​

• Source:

 https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2025/772890/EPRS_BRI(2025)772890_EN.pdf[16]​